crocetin(crocetin dialdehyde)
介绍一下西洋郁金花
是这个吗?——郁金。
【学名】Curcuma aromatica Salisb.
【分类】姜科,郁金属。
【分布】我国南部和西南部。主产浙江、四川、广东、广西、云南、福建、台湾、江西。
【形态】 多年生宿根草本。根茎肉质,肥大,黄色;根末端膨大成长卵形块根。叶基生,叶片长圆形,长30~60cm,宽10~20cm,先端尾尖,基部渐狭,叶背被短柔毛;叶柄约与叶片等长。花葶单独由根茎抽出,穗状花序圆柱形,长约15cm,有花的苞片淡绿色,卵形,无花的苞片白色而带淡红,长圆形,先端具小尖头,被毛;花兽被疏柔毛,顶端3裂;花冠管漏斗形,喉部被毛,裂片长圆形,白色而带粉红,被毛;侧生退化雄蕊淡黄色;唇瓣黄色,倒卵形,顶微2裂;子房被长柔毛。蒴果3室。花期4~6月。
生于林下或栽培。
还有,又是称番红花为郁金——
番红花 番红花
Stigma Croci
(英)Saffron
别名 西红花、藏红花。
来源 为鸢尾科植物番红花Crocus sativus L.的柱头。
植物形态 多年生草本。鳞茎扁球形,大小不一,直径0.5~10cm,外被褐色膜质鳞叶。自鳞茎生出2~14株丛,每丛有叶2~13片,基部为3~5片广阔鳞片乌黑叶线形,长15~35cm,宽2~4mm,边缘反卷,具细毛。花顶生;花被片6,倒卵圆形,淡紫色,花筒细管状;雄蕊3,花药基部箭形;子房下位,3室,花柱细长,黄色,柱头3,膨大呈漏斗状,伸出花被筒外而下垂,深红色。蒴果长圆形,具三钝棱。种子多数,球形。花期10~11月。
鸢尾科(Iridaceae)具鳞茎的多年生植物,学名为Crocus sativus。其辛辣的金色柱头很名贵,用于食品调味和上色,又用作染料。《圣经?雅歌》第4章第14节中提到一些香草时包括番红花。带有强烈的独特香气和苦味。在地中海地区和东方菜肴以及英国、斯堪的那维亚和巴尔干的面包中作调色和调味佐料。也是法式菜浓味炖鱼的重要成分。古代印度蒸馏番红花柱头得到一种金色水溶性布匹染料。在释迦牟尼去世后,其弟子以番红花为他们法衣的正式颜色。在几种文化中,王室服装均用这种染料染色。在希腊和罗马,番红花作为香料撒在会堂、宫廷、剧场和浴室。番红花与古希腊的艺妓关系密切。尼禄回罗马时,街道上洒满番红花。
一般认为番红花原产於地中海地区、小亚细亚和伊朗。在伊朗和喀什米尔有栽种,并认为由蒙古远征军传入中国。曾记载於中国的《本草纲目》(1552~1578)。早期主要栽培中心是西利西亚和小亚细亚。约961年阿拉伯人将其栽种於西班牙。10世纪一本英格兰医书中有记载。但可能后来在西欧消失,直至十字军又将其重新引入,在许多时期,番红花贵於同重量的黄金,今天仍是世界上最贵重的香料。现主要种植於西班牙、法国、西西里岛、义大利亚平宁山脉以及伊朗和喀什米尔。从花中采摘三个柱头,摊放於托盘。用炭火烤乾便可用於食品调味和调色。0.45公斤(1磅)番红花即来自75,000朵花。为世界上最贵重的香料。香精油含量0.5~1%,主要成分是苦藏花素(C16H26O7)。著色物质为藏花素(C44H64O26?H2O)。
北京、上海、浙江、江苏等地有引种栽培。
采制 10~11月中下旬,晴天早晨采花,于室内摘取柱头,晒干或低温烘干。
性状 柱头线形,长约3cm,暗红色,上部较宽而略扁平,顶端边缘具不整齐的齿状,下端有的残留一小段黄色花柱。体轻,质松软,无油润光泽,干燥后质脆易断。气特异微有刺激性,味微苦。
化学成分 含番红花甙-1,2,3,4(crocin-1~4)、番红花苦甙(picrocrocin)、番红花酸二甲酯(crocetin dimethyl ester)、α-番红花酸(a-crocetin)番红花醛(safranal)、挥发油等。
栀子黄是什么食品添加剂?
藏花素(Crocin),又称栀子黄,是一种在番红花和栀子中发现的类胡萝卜素类天然色素,是由龙胆二糖和藏花酸形成的酯化物。熔点186℃,结晶体为深红色,在水溶液中显橘黄色。
近年来,随着现代医学药学以及分子生物学技术的飞速发展,发现藏红花除了在保护神经系统以及抗心血管系统疾病等方面有良好功效外,在抗肿瘤方面也有功效。藏花素最早用于作为红色染色剂,且具有抗氧化、抗抑郁和抗癌活性,最新的研究发现它还具有壮阳的功效。
具有抗癌、抑制肿瘤、 降血脂、护肝、淬灭自由基、抗氧化等作用,还具有水溶性好、着色力强、对光温稳定、pH1~ 14范围内均呈鲜艳的黄色等优点中,而被广泛地应用于食品领域,日本年需要量320吨,居日本天然色素市场第四位。
我国分别于1987年、1998 年颁布实施了食品添加剂-栀子黄、食品中栀子黄的测定的国家标准,标准中以色价作为栀子黄质量评价和控制的指标, 以薄层色谱的Rf值作为栀子黄色素定性的依据,但还缺乏有效的栀子黄即藏花素的定量标准。
生理学的作用
藏红花的主要活性成分是黄色色素藏红花素 2(已知具有不同糖基化的其他三种衍生物),在分子的每一端都含有龙胆二糖(二糖)基团。藏红花的五种主要生物活性成分,即四种藏红花素和藏红花素,可以用 HPLC-UV 测定。
藏红花素可减轻乙醇对学习功能造成的部分损害,并防止乙醇抑制海马体的长时程增强 (LTP)。这是一种依赖于活动的突触可塑性,是学习和记忆的基础。相关的中枢神经系统效应是二苯硫代二糖酯特有的。
Crocetin Glucose Genthiobiose 的强度只有一半,而二葡萄糖酯则完全无效。
以上内容参考:百度百科-藏花素
藏红花的资料.薰衣草的资料(简单的英文)
1.关于藏红花:英文名字saffron
介绍:A corm-producing plant (Crocus sativus) native to the Old World, having purple or white flowers with orange stigmas. 藏红花:原产于东半球的产球茎的一种植物(番红花 番红花属) ,有桔黄色的花柱,柱头上有紫色或白色的花。
The dried aromatic stigmas of this plant are used to color foods and as a cooking spice and dyestuff.干藏红花柱头用作给食物添色、烹调香料和染料.
更多英文介绍:
Saffron
Description
Saffron is a herbal preparation harvested from the stigma of the Crocus sativus flower. It is dark orange and threadlike in appearance, with a spicy flavor and pungent odor. The plant is grown in India, Spain, France, Italy, the Middle East, and the eastern Mediterranean region.
General Use
In addition to its culinary uses, saffron is prescribed as a herbal remedy to stimulate the digestive system, ease colic and stomach discomfort, and minimize gas. It is also used as an emmenagogue, to stimulate and promote menstrual flow in women.
Preliminary studies have shown that saffron may also be a useful tool in fighting cancer. According to a 1999 study, use of the herb slowed tumor growth and extended lifespan in female rats. A 2002 study done at Indiana University indicates that saffron may not only be effective in treating certain types of cancer, but significantly less likely to cause birth defects if given to pregnant women than all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA), the compound most often given to treat these cancers. Saffron may thus be a preferable alternative to treating ATRA-sensitive cancers in women of childbearing age.
Additional human studies have indicated that saffron has powerful antioxidant properties; that is, it helps to protect living tissues from free radicals and other harmful effects of oxidation.
Two chemical components of saffron extract, crocetin and crocin, reportedly improved memory and learning skills in learning-impaired rats in a Japanese study published in early 2000. These properties indicate that saffron extract may be a useful treatment for neurodegenerative disorders and related memory impairment.
2.关于薰衣草:英文名字lavender
Any of various aromatic Old World plants of the genus Lavandula, especially L. angustifolia, having clusters of small purplish flowers that yield an oil used in perfumery. 熏衣草:任一种产于欧洲的熏衣草 属芳香植物,尤指 狭叶熏衣草 ,开成串的紫色小花,其香精油可用于制香水。
更多英文介绍:
Lavender
Description
Lavender is a hardy perennial in the Lamiaciae, or mint, family. The herb is a Mediterranean native. There are many species of lavendula which vary somewhat in appearance and aromatic quality. English lavender, L. augustifolia, also known as true lavender, is commercially valuable in the perfume industry and is a mainstay of English country gardens. French lavender, L.stoechas, is the species most probably used in Roman times as a scenting agent in washing water. The species L. officinalis is the official species used in medicinal preparations, though all lavenders have medicinal properties in varying degrees.
This fragrant, bushy shrub has been widely cultivated for its essential oil. The tiny, tubular, mauve-blue blossoms grow in whorls of six to ten flowers along square, angular stems and form a terminal spike. These flower spikes stretch upward beyond the 12-18 inch (3.6-5.4 m) height of the shrub, blooming from June to August. The blossoms are well liked by bees and a good source of honey. The needle-like, evergreen, downy leaves are a light, silver-gray. They are lanceolate, opposite, and sessile, and grow from a branched stem. The bark is gray and flaky. The herb thrives in full sun and poor soil. Ancient Greeks and Romans used lavender blossoms to scent bath water, a common use that gave the herb its name, derived from the Latin lavare, meaning to wash.
General Use
Lavender is best known and loved for its fragrance. The herb has been used since ancient times in perfumery. As an aromatic plant, lavender lifts the spirits and chases melancholy. Taking just a few whiffs of this sweet-smelling herb is said to dispel dizziness. Traditionally, women in labor clutched sprigs of lavender to bring added courage and strength to the task of childbearing. A decoction of the flower may be used as a feminine douche for leucorrhoea. The dried blossoms, sewn into sachets, may be used to repel moths and to scent clothing, or may be lit like incense to scent a room. Because of its fumigant properties, the herb was hung in the home to repel flies and mosquitoes, and strewn about to sanitize the floors. Lavender essential oil was a component of smelling salts in Victorian times.
The essential oil of certain lavender species has a sedative, antispasmodic, and tranquilizing effect. Lavender has been long valued as a headache remedy. It can be taken in a mild infusion, or can be rubbed on the temples, or sniffed like smelling salts to provide relief from headaches caused by stress. Lavender oil is antiseptic, and has been used as a topical disinfectant for wounds. In high doses, it can kill many common bacteria such as typhoid, diphtheria, streptococcus, and pneumococcus, according to some research. The essential oil has also been used as a folk treatment for the bite of some venomous snakes. When used in hydrotherapy as part of an aromatic, Epsom salt bath, the essential oils of some species will soothe tired nerves and relieve the pain of neuralgia. They are also used topically on burns and have been shown to speed healing. It is also a fine addition to a foot bath for sore feet. Lavender essence makes a pleasant massage oil for kneading sore muscles and joints. Acting internally, lavender's chemical properties increase the flow of bile into the intestines, relieving indigestion. Its carminative properties help expel intestinal gas. Lavender is an adjuvant and may be used in combination with other herbs to make a tonic cordial to strengthen the nervous system.
A 2002 report from Korea showed that aromatherapy massage with lavender oil and tea tree oil on patients undergoing hemodialysis for kidney failure received relief from the itching the treatment often causes.
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以上资料来源于美国传统词典以及Alternative Medicine Encyclopedia (医药百科词典)。
Wqofcn摘引。
栀子花的根 茎叶花是什么样子
1、叶:单叶对生或主枝三叶轮生,叶片呈倒卵状长椭圆形,有短柄长514厘米,顶端渐尖稍钝头,叶片革质,表面翠绿有光泽,仅下面脉腋内簇生短毛托叶鞘状。
2、花:花单生枝顶或叶腋,有短梗,白色,大而芳香,花冠高脚碟状,一般呈六瓣,有重瓣;品种大花栀子,花萼裂片,倒卵形至倒披针形伸展,花药露出。
3、根:为淡黄褐色的,大部分根须较细,有少许粗壮一点的根须。
4、茎:接近花朵叶子部分为墨绿色,接近根部部分为褐色。
扩展资料:
栀子对二氧化硫有抗性,并可吸硫净化大气,0.5千克叶可吸硫0.002~0.005千克,种植在家居中空气也要清新舒适得多。
栀子的主要有效成分栀子苷、藏红花素等。环烯醚萜类成分为栀子属植物 的特征性成分,也是主要活性成分之一。代 表性成分主要有栀子苷( 即京尼平苷) 、羟异栀子 苷、京尼平-1-β-龙胆二糖苷、山栀子苷、栀子酸、车叶 草苷、栀子酮苷等。除了环烯醚萜类成分,还有有含有大量的类胡萝卜素链状二萜类化合物,其中主要有藏红花素( crocin) 、藏红花酸( crocetin) 、α-藏红花苷( α-crocetin) 等。
参考资料来源:
百度百科-栀子花
藏红花有色素吗?
什么是藏红花色素?
天然色素是由天然资源获得的食用色素。主要从动物和植物组织及微生物(培养)中提取的色素,其中植物性着色剂占多数。天然色素不仅具有给食品着色的作用,而且,相当部分天然色素具有生理活性。藏红花色素就属于天然色素之一。
名称
藏红花色素,番红花色素;Safran
成分
其主要成分为藏红花素(crocin)、藏红花酸(crocetin)、藏红花酸-β-D-葡萄酸酯、藏红花酸-2-(β-D-葡萄糖)脂、藏红花酸-(β-龙胆二糖)脂、藏红花酸(β-D-葡萄糖)-(-β-龙胆二糖)酯等。
性状
暗黄至红褐色粉末,有特殊香气,略有苦味。溶于稀氢氧化钠溶液,微溶于水及有机溶剂。中性至碱性条件下耐热和耐光性;良好,酸性下不稳定。对蛋白质的染色性尚好。安全性:每日允许摄入量推迟确定 (FAO/WHO,1985)。LD5024g/kg(小鼠,经口)。
来源
以藏红花尚未盛开之际摘取的雌蕊(其柱头及花柱,称作藏红花)为原料,用热灰或炭火以约30℃干燥,制成粉末,即为番红花色素。每1kg粉末产品需15-20万朵花,红色并深带光泽者为上品。
用途
藏红花色素常见用于糕点、果冻、糖果、面条、冷饮、香肠肠衣、人造奶油、起酥油、焙烤食品、酒精饮料等的着色,为黄色着色剂和香料。
感应草是什么东西?你知道吗?
含羞草
[别名]
见笑草(台湾)、感应草、喝呼草、知羞草、怕丑草。
[来源]
为豆科含羞草属植物含羞草 Mimosa pudica L.的全草。
[形态特徵]
披散半灌木状草本,高可达1公尺。有散生、下弯的钩刺及倒生刚毛。叶对生,羽片通常4,指状排列於总叶柄之顶端;叶柄长1.5~4cm;托叶披针形,长5~10mm,有刚毛。小叶10~20对,触之即闭合而下垂;小叶片线状长圆形,长8~13mm,先端急尖,基部近圆形,略偏斜,边缘有疏生刚毛。头状花序具长梗,单生或2~3个生於叶腋,直径约1cm:花小,淡红色;苞片线形,边缘有刚毛;萼漏斗状,极小,短齿裂;花冠钟形,上部4裂,裂片三角形,外面有短柔毛;雄蕊4,基部合生,伸出花瓣外;子房有短柄,无毛,花柱丝状,柱头小。荚果扁平弯曲,长约14mm,先端有喙,有3~4节,每节有1颗种子,荚缘波状,具刺毛,成熟时荚节脱落。种子阔卵形。花期3~9月,果期5~11月。
[生境分布]
生於山坡丛林中、路旁、潮湿地,为美洲引入的驯化植物。
[栽培要点]
喜温暖湿润和阳光充足环境,对土壤要求不甚严格,但喜肥沃疏松之砂质壤土。种子繁殖。
[采集加工]
夏、秋季采,洗净,切段,晒乾或鲜用。
[化学成分]
叶含收缩性蛋白质(contractile protein),三磷腺苷(ATP,adenosine triphosphate)和三磷腺苷酶(ATPase,adenosine triphosphatase),亦含含羞草碱(mimosine),含羞草苷(mimoside),D-松醇(D-pinitol)和硒化合物,其中一种为亚硒酸盐(Selenite)。全草含含羞草碱(mimosine),含羞草苷,D-松醇(D-pimitol),硒化合物,其中一种为亚硒酸盐,蛋白质,鞣质,2"-O-鼠李糖基荭草素(2"-O-rhamnosylorientin)和2"-O-鼠李糖基异荭草素(2"-O-rhamnosylisoorientin)。种子含油约17%,性质似大豆油,油中的脂肪酸组成为:亚麻酸(linolenic acid)0.4%,亚油酸(linoleic acid)51%,油酸(oleic acid)31%,棕榈酸(palmitic acid)8.7%,硬脂酸(stearic acid)8.9%,另含谷固醇(Sitosterol)。亦含山葵酸(behenic acid)5.7%,粘液质(mucilage),硒化合物,其中一种为亚硒酸盐。叶枕含藏红花酸(crocetin,C20H24O4)的苷。嫩芽及叶柄含含羞草素(mimosin即leucenin,C8H10O4N2)。根显生物碱、黄酮类及内酯性物质的反应。
[药理作用]
1. 含羞草煎剂给小鼠灌胃,具有镇咳及微弱的祛痰作用。
2. 抑菌试验:
对金黄色葡萄球菌、白色葡萄球菌、卡他球菌均有较强的抑制作用。并对亚洲甲型流感病毒和鼻病毒17型均有抑制作用。
3. 含羞草碱能轻度抑制碱性磷酸酶,对含金属的酶系统抑制不显著。饲料中含0.5%~1.0%的含羞草碱即可使大鼠或小鼠生长停滞、脱发、白内障。
[性味功能]
1. 甘、涩,凉。有小毒。清热利尿,化痰止咳,安神止痛。《全国中草药汇编》
2. 味甘、涩、微苦,性微寒,小毒。《中华本草》
[主治]
感冒,小儿高热,急性结膜炎,支气管炎,肝炎,胃炎,肠炎,失眠,小儿疳积,目赤肿痛,结膜炎,带状疱疹,水肿,劳伤咳血,鼻衄,血尿,痈肿,泌尿系结石,疟疾,神经衰弱;外用治跌打肿痛,疮疡肿毒。
[用法用量]
用量15~24克;外用适量,捣烂敷患处。孕妇忌服。
[附方]
1. 小儿高热:
含羞草9克。水煎服。
2. 慢性气管炎:
含羞草根(鲜)100克,红丝线根(鲜)18克。水煎,每日1剂,分2次服。10天为一个疗程,连续二个疗程。
3. 治急性肝炎:
含羞草全草15~60g。水煎服。《广西本草选编》
4. 治急性肠炎:
含羞草60g。水煎服。《青岛中草药手册》
5. 治胃肠炎、泌尿系结石:
含羞草15g,木通10g,海金沙10g,车前草15g。水煎服。《四川中药志》1979年》
6. 治劳伤咯血:
含羞草9g,仙鹤草、旱莲草、藕节各15g。水煎服。或含羞草、姜黄各等量研末,每次1.5~3g,每日2次,酌情加酒冲服。《安徽中草药》
7. 治神经衰弱,失眠:
含羞草98,夜交藤30g。水煎服。《安徽中草药》
8. 治神经衰弱:
含羞草30g,远志9g,酸枣仁9g。水煎服。《青岛中草药手册》
9. 治无名肿毒,带状疱疹:
鲜含羞草全草(或鲜叶)适量,捣烂敷忠处。《浙江药用植物志》
10. 治跌打损伤:
(1)含羞草、伸筋草各15g。煎水,加酒少许温服。《安徽中草药》。(2)含羞草60g,元胡9g。研末,酒拌匀外敷。《青岛中草药手册》
[附注]
1. 孕妇忌服。《全国中草药汇编》
2. 本品有麻醉作用,内服不宜过量。《广西中药志》