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深度学习中 Batch Normalization为什么效果好
深度学习中 Batch Normalization为什么效果好？
作者：魏秀参
来源：知乎
这里分五部分简单解释一下Batch Normalization (BN)。
1. What is BN?
顾名思义，batch normalization嘛，就是“批规范化”咯。Google在ICML文中描述的非常清晰，即在每次SGD时，通过mini-batch来对相应的activation做规范化操作，使得结果（输出信号各个维度）的均值为0，方差为1. 而最后的“scale and shift”操作则是为了让因训练所需而“刻意”加入的BN能够有可能还原最初的输入（即当），从而保证整个network的capacity。（有关capacity的解释：实际上BN可以看作是在原模型上加入的“新操作”，这个新操作很大可能会改变某层原来的输入。当然也可能不改变，不改变的时候就是“还原原来输入”。如此一来，既可以改变同时也可以保持原输入，那么模型的容纳能力（capacity）就提升了。）
lt;img src="" data-rawwidth="776" data-rawheight="616" class="origin_image zh-lightbox-thumb" width="776" data-original=""gt;关于DNN中的normalization，大家都知道白化（whitening），只是在模型训练过程中进行白化操作会带来过高的计算代价和运算时间。因此本文提出两种简化方式：1）直接对输入信号的每个维度做规范化（“normalize each scalar feature independently”）；2）在每个mini-batch中计算得到mini-batch mean和variance来替代整体训练集的mean和variance. 这便是Algorithm 1.关于DNN中的normalization，大家都知道白化（whitening），只是在模型训练过程中进行白化操作会带来过高的计算代价和运算时间。因此本文提出两种简化方式：1）直接对输入信号的每个维度做规范化（“normalize each scalar feature independently”）；2）在每个mini-batch中计算得到mini-batch mean和variance来替代整体训练集的mean和variance. 这便是Algorithm 1.
2. How to Batch Normalize?
怎样学BN的参数在此就不赘述了，就是经典的chain rule：
lt;img src="" data-rawwidth="658" data-rawheight="380" class="origin_image zh-lightbox-thumb" width="658" data-original=""gt;
3. Where to use BN?
BN可以应用于网络中任意的activation set。文中还特别指出在CNN中，BN应作用在非线性映射前，即对做规范化。另外对CNN的“权值共享”策略，BN还有其对应的做法（详见文中3.2节）。
4. Why BN?
好了，现在才是重头戏－－为什么要用BN？BN work的原因是什么？
说到底，BN的提出还是为了克服深度神经网络难以训练的弊病。其实BN背后的insight非常简单，只是在文章中被Google复杂化了。
首先来说说“Internal Covariate Shift”。文章的title除了BN这样一个关键词，还有一个便是“ICS”。大家都知道在统计机器学习中的一个经典假设是“源空间（source domain）和目标空间（target domain）的数据分布（distribution）是一致的”。如果不一致，那么就出现了新的机器学习问题，如，transfer learning/domain adaptation等。而covariate shift就是分布不一致假设之下的一个分支问题，它是指源空间和目标空间的条件概率是一致的，但是其边缘概率不同，即：对所有,，但是. 大家细想便会发现，的确，对于神经网络的各层输出，由于它们经过了层内操作作用，其分布显然与各层对应的输入信号分布不同，而且差异会随着网络深度增大而增大，可是它们所能“指示”的样本标记（label）仍然是不变的，这便符合了covariate shift的定义。由于是对层间信号的分析，也即是“internal”的来由。
那么好，为什么前面我说Google将其复杂化了。其实如果严格按照解决covariate shift的路子来做的话，大概就是上“importance weight”（ref）之类的机器学习方法。可是这里Google仅仅说“通过mini-batch来规范化某些层/所有层的输入，从而可以固定每层输入信号的均值与方差”就可以解决问题。如果covariate shift可以用这么简单的方法解决，那前人对其的研究也真真是白做了。此外，试想，均值方差一致的分布就是同样的分布吗？当然不是。显然，ICS只是这个问题的“包装纸”嘛，仅仅是一种high-level demonstration。
那BN到底是什么原理呢？说到底还是为了防止“梯度弥散”。关于梯度弥散，大家都知道一个简单的栗子：。在BN中，是通过将activation规范为均值和方差一致的手段使得原本会减小的activation的scale变大。可以说是一种更有效的local response normalization方法（见4.2.1节）。
5. When to use BN?
OK，说完BN的优势，自然可以知道什么时候用BN比较好。例如，在神经网络训练时遇到收敛速度很慢，或梯度爆炸等无法训练的状况时可以尝试BN来解决。另外，在一般使用情况下也可以加入BN来加快训练速度，提高模型精度。
诚然，在DL中还有许多除BN之外的“小trick”。别看是“小trick”，实则是“大杀器”，正所谓“The devil is in the details”。希望了解其它DL trick（特别是CNN）的各位请移步我之前总结的：Must Know Tips/Tricks in Deep Neural Networks
以上。
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英语中的 (柴 K 料 ) 我只记的有么一句,英语怎么写, 什么意思
我来回答，chain
[tFein]
n.
链(条),镣铐, 一连串, 一系列
vt.
用链条拴住
chain
[tFeIn]
n.
链子
She wore a gold chain around her neck.
她的脖子上戴了一条金项链。
The severely sentenced prisoners' chains clanked as they walked.
被判重刑的囚犯们行走时,铁链当啷作响。
连续的事物；一连串
a mountain chain
山系
(pl)枷锁，束缚
链（海程长度单位，合20.1168米）
chain
vt.
（常与up连用）用链子系住；束缚:
The dog was chained (up) to the wall.
这只狗被用一条链子拴在墙上。
It's necessary that the dogs be chained up for the night.
必须用链条把狗拴住过夜。
chain
[tFeIn]
n.
链子
She wore a gold chain around her neck.
她的脖子上戴了一条金项链。
A chain is no stronger than its weakest link.
一环薄弱,全局必垮。
连续的事物；一连串
a mountain chain
山系
(pl)枷锁，束缚
链（海程长度单位，合20.1168米）
chain
vt.
（常与up连用）用链子系住；束缚:
The dog was chained (up) to the wall.
这只狗被用一条链子拴在墙上。
Chain
AHD:[ch3n],Sir Ernst Boris1906-1979
D.J.:[t.ein]
K.K.:[t.en]
NONE
German-born British biochemist. He shared a 1945 Nobel Prize for isolating and purifying penicillin, discovered in 1928 by Sir Alexander Fleming.
柴恩，厄恩斯特·鲍里斯1906-1979德裔英籍生物化学家。由于分离和提纯1928年由亚历山大·弗莱明爵士发现的青霉素而分享1945年诺贝尔奖，
chain
AHD:[ch3n]
D.J.:[t.ein]
K.K.:[t.en]
n.
A connected, flexible series of links, typically of metal, used especially for holding objects together or restraining or for transmitting mechanical power.
链，链条一系列相连的，可折叠弯曲的连结物，通常指金属，尤指用来将物体联结到一起或限定物体或用来传送机械能
Such a set of links, often of precious metal and with pendants attached, worn as an ornament or symbol of office.
项链这样的一串连结物，经常由贵重金属做成带有垂饰，作为装饰物或职业标记戴用
A restraining or confining agent or force.
束缚力，拘束力约束或限制的机构或力量
chains
Bonds, fetters, or shackles.
枷锁，镣铐
Captivity or oppression; bondage:
囚禁，压迫，束缚：
threw off the chains of slavery.
摆脱奴隶制的束缚
A series of closely linked or connected things:
一系列，一连串：
a chain of coincidences.
一连串的巧合
See: series
A number of establishments, such as stores, theaters, or hotels, under common ownership or management.
联号拥有共同产权或统一管理的一系列企业或机构，如商店、剧院或旅馆等
A range of mountains.
山脉
Chemistry
【化学】
A group of atoms bonded in a spatial configuration like links in a chain.
原子序，原子构造限定在如链条上的连结环的空间构型里的一组原子
C14
An instrument used in surveying, consisting of 100 linked pieces of iron or steel and measuring 66 feet (20.1 meters).
测链测量用的一种工具，包含有100个相连的钢铁环，长66英尺（20.1米）
Also called: Gunter's chain
A similar instrument used in engineering, measuring 100 feet (30.5 meters).
工程测链工程上用的一种相似的工具，长100英尺（30.5米）
abbr:ch
A unit of measurement equal to the length of either of these instruments.
测量单位等于这两种工具长度任一种的一个测量单位
chain
v.tr.
chained; chain.ing; chains;
To bind or make fast with a chain or chains:
用链条拴住，用链条固定：
chained the dog to a tree.
把狗用链条拴在树上
To restrain or confine as if with chains:
监禁，束缚象用链条似地束缚或固定：
workers who were chained to a life of dull routine.
被缚于过单调平淡生活的工人们
Middle English chaine
中古英语 chaine
fromOld French
源自古法语
fromLatin cat?na
源自拉丁语 cat?na
chain
[tFein]
n.
链, 链条; 项圈, 表[锚]链
连锁, 一系列, 一连串
[pl. ] 镣铐; 束缚; 囚禁
[pl. ]联营商店; 连锁商店, 联号, 分支
【测】测链
【化】链
【纺】经线
(=circuit)电路
【天】山链
endless chain
循环(输送)链
a chain of misfortunes
一连串的灾难
The prisoners are in chains.
囚犯上了镣铐。
He owned a hotel chain.
他拥有多家旅馆。
chain
vt.
束缚, 禁锢
【测】用测链测量
chain (sb.) to (sth.)
把(某人)拴在(什么)上
be chained to one's work
忙得难以脱身
chain
vi.
做成链条
chain-breaking
n.
连锁中断
chain-deformation
n.
链变形
chain-derivation
n.
链求导
chaindriven
adj.
链传动的
chainbridge
n.
铁链吊桥
chain-drop
n.
链式吊架(灯具)
chain-initiating
adj.
起动链的
chain-initiation
n.
链引发(作用), 连锁开始
chain-mapping
n.
链映象
chain-mobility
n.
链迁移率
chainreact
vi.
发生连锁反应
chain-retraction
n.
链保核收缩
chain-saw
n.
链锯
chainsmoke
vi.
连续不断地吸烟
chainstitch
vt.,vi.
【纺】锁缝, 用链状针脚 缝
chain-subdivision
n.
链重分, 链剖分
chain-terminating
n., adj.
链终止(的)
chainwales
n.
测深台
chainwall
n.
巷道两侧煤柱
chainwheel
n.
链轮, 轮盘
chainwork
n.
链条细工, 编织品
chain-wrestling
n.
【体】连续摔跤术
chainless
[`tFeInlIs]
adj.
无链的, 无束缚的
A chain is no stronger than its weakest link.
[谚]一环薄弱全局垮。
the chain is no stronger than its weakest link.
[谚]一环薄弱全局垮。
brighten the chain
重叙旧日友情
daisy chain
雏菊做的花环
[转]联串在一起的事物
in chains
上着镣铐, 在囚禁中; 当奴隶
in the chains
【航海】站在外舷用测链测量水深(的人)
chain and ball
[美]带铁球的脚镣
束缚, 拘束
[喻]未婚妻, 爱人
chain of command
【军】指挥系统
accelerating chain
【电子】加速链
adjusting camera chain
调节摄像机通道
alternating chain
交错链
amino acid side chain
氨基酸侧链
amplifier chain
放大器链, 放大器通路
anchoring chain
限位链, 锁定链, 锚链
antiskid chain
防滑链
apron chain
(板条式)输送器链条
aquatic food chain
水生食物链
articulated link chain
铰接链
ascending chain
升链
attachment chain
爪接链, 钩头链(每节有联结钩), 联接链
backbone chain
主链
balancing chain
平衡链
band chain
带链; 平链; 条链
bank chain
连锁银行
bar chain
杆链
barrier chain
【地质】沙洲链
behavio(u)r chain
行为链锁
berth chain
卧铺吊链
bidirection chain
双向链锁, 前后链
bilateralaliphatic chain
对称脂族链
binding chain
捆紧链
biological chain
生物链
bleeder chain
分压电路链
block chain
块环链, 平环链; 滚链
boom chain
流材链, 绠链(挡木两端所连结的链索)
bottle holder chain
(洗瓶机上的)扶瓶链
bottom side door hanger chain
下侧门钩链
bound paraffin chains
结合烷链
boundary chain
边界链
brake beam safety chain
制动梁安全链
brake shaft chain
手制动轴链
branched chain
支链
bucket chain
(多斗挖土机的)铲斗链
buoy chain
浮标链
bush roller chain
套筒滚子(柱)链
cable chain
锚链
calibrated chain
校准链; 环链
cam chain
凸轮链系
camera chain
摄象机系统(包括摄象机, 控制部分及电源)
carbon chain
碳链
card driving chain
梳毛机传动链
carrier chain
输送链
carry chain
进位链
cast detachable chain
铸造钩头链
cat chain
吊锚链
caterpillar chain
履带链; 履带
causal chain
因果链
cellular chain
【自】单元链
check chain
转向架安全链, 保安[限位]链
chromatic chain
色度链, 色度通道
cleaner chain
(杆条式)分离升运链; 清选输送器链
cleated tire chain
装在轮胎上的抓地[防滑]板链
closed joint chain
闭式连接链
cold chain
(新鲜食品的)低温运输系统
colour-film chain
彩色电影通道
colour-slide chain
彩色幻灯片放映机电路
columellar chain
耳柱链
combination chain
混合链
command chain
命令链
compensating chain
补偿电路
compound kinematic chain
组合运动链
conic crossed slider chain
球面交叉滑块机构
conical chain
锥轴链
conjugated chain
共轭链
contiguous chain
【天】相接环形山链
contract chain
契约连锁店
control chain
控制链
conveyor chain
运输链, 传送链, 输送链带
count digit set chain
计数置位电路
coupling chain
连结链
covering chain
覆土链(播种机的); 链条式耢
crane chain
起重机链
crank chain
曲轴链系, 曲柄链系
crater chain
【天】环形山链
crossed roller chain
交叉滚子链
curb chain
锁链
cylinder lever chain
制动缸杠杆链
daisy chain
雏菊链
data chain
【自】数据链
decay chain
衰变链, 放射系
Decca chain
【航海】台卡电台链
decremental chain
【天】渐缩环形山链
deformation chain
形变链
degenerate chain
退化链
delayed-line network chain
延迟线网络链
descending chain
降链
detachable-hook chain
钩头链, 活铬链
detachable-link chain
钩头链, 活铬链
detritus food chain
腐质食物链
digger chain
挖掘链
digital chain system
数字链式
dimension chain
尺寸链
disintegration chain
蜕变链
disordered chain
无序链
divider chain
激励器电路, 分频器链, 多节分频器
double-pitch roller chain
双距滚子链
double slider crank chain
双滑块曲柄链系
drag chain
拉链, 牵引链, 障碍
drawbench chain
拉拔机链条
drawing chain
链式输管机(玻璃管), 牵引链
drive chain
主动链
driving chain
传动链
drop door chain
底门链
dummy coupling chain
防尘堵链
duplex roller chain
双滚子链
ecological food chain
生态食物链
effective network chain
有效网链
electrical chain
电路链
electron transfer chain
电子传递链
elevator chain
升运(器)链
emergency tyre chain
应急胎链
endless chain
循环链
energy chain
能链
equalizer connecting chain
均衡杠杆连接链(通过台)
equipment chain
链式设备
ergodic recurrent chain
遍历递归链
event chain
事件链
fission (product) chain
裂变(产物)链
fitting overall chain
安装防滑链
flat link chain
扁环节链
flat-top roller chain
板条式滚子链
flexibly jointed chain
柔性联结链
folded chain
折叠链
food chain
食物链
fork chain
支链four
bar chain
四杆链
four-link chain
四环链four
vidicon film chain
四视象管式电视电影机
free paraffin chains
自由烷烃链
functional chain
功能链
fundamental chain
主链
fusee chain
蜗形滑轮链, 均力圆锥滑轮链
galvanized iron chain
镀锌铁链
gamma chain
γ链; (免疫球蛋白G)重链
gangway chain
栏链
gathering chain
(玉米联合收获机的)集茎夹送链
gearing chain
传动链
gouge-type saw chain
牙轮型链锯
grate chain
炉篦栅链
grazing food chain
放牧食物链
green chain
生材输送链
ground chain
【船】制动链
guiding chain
前导链
hand-in-hand chain
环形交叉链
haulage chain
牵引链, 拉链
heater chain
灯[热]丝电路
heavy-duty chain
重型链, 重载链
heteropolyoxyalkylene chain
(混)杂聚氧化烯链
highly branched chain
多支链
high-test chain
高强度链条
hinged chain
铰接链
hoist chain
起重链, 吊链
home radar chain
地面雷达网
homoatomic chain
同素键; 纯键(同种元素原子间的键)
homotopy chain
同伦链
hook joint chain
钩接链
hydrocarbon chain
烃链
hydrophilic chain
亲水链
hydrophobic chain
疏水链
infinite chain
无限链
insulator chain
绝缘子串
intermediate safety chain
中间保险链
inverse chain
反链
inverted tooth chain
逆齿链
island chain
列岛
jack chain
起重机链; (木材)拖索
kinematic chain
运动链系
kinetic chain
动力学链
knockdown chain
可拆[卸]链
laminated chain
叠片链, 无声链; 齿键
laser chain
串级激光器
lashing chain
【采矿】无极绳挂链
lateral chain
侧链
leather watch chain
皮表带
light chain
轻链(免疫球蛋白)
linear chain
直链
linearly ordered chain
线性有序链
link chain
扁节链
linkage check chain
悬挂装置限位链[保险链]
listening chain
监听通路
load chain
载重链
lock(ed) chain
固定链系
long-link chain
长环节链
loop chain
环链, 无端链
malleable detachable chain
展性活动链
malleable pintle chain
展性锁链
manhole cover chain
人孔盖链
marine food chain
海洋食物链
market chains
连锁市场
maximal chain
极大链
measuring chain
测链
metabolic chain
代谢链
minimal chain
最小链
mountain chain
【地理】山链
multiple strand chain
多级[股]链
nautical chain
航海测链
nerve chain
神经链
network chain
网链
nitrogen chain
氮链
non-recurrent chain
非回归链
non-skid tyre chain
防滑胎链
normal chain
正规链
normal carbon chain
正碳链; 直碳链
open carrier chain
杆条式链
open link chain
开链
open-hook link chain
钩头链
overflow chain
溢出链
oxyalkyl chain
烷氧基链
panning chain
(面包烤炉的)吊挂烤模输送链
parasite chain
【生】寄生链
pattern chain
【纺】纹板链, 提花链条
pendant chain
吊链
periodic chain
周期链
photosynthetic chain
光合链
pick-up chain
喂送链; 捡拾链
pick up chain
喂送链; 捡拾链
pintle chain
扁节链; 铰接链 ?
pitch chain
校准链, 节链, 短环链
plate link chain
板链
plate-top roller chain
板条式滚子链
platform chain
通过台安全链
pole chain
量地测链
polymer chain
聚合物链
polypeptide chain
多肽链
pore chain
孔链
potentiometer chain
分压链
power transmission chain
动力链
predator food chain
捕食(食物)链
pressed-steel hook chain
模压钢钩头链, 冲压钩头链
principal chain
主链
print chain
打印链
production chain
生产线, 流水(作业)线
program chain
程序链接
propelling chain
运转链; 主动链
proton-proton chain
【核】质子-质子循环
pull(ing) chain
拉链
pulley chain
轮带链系
quadric crank chain
四杆曲柄链系
quadrilateral chain
大地四边形链
radioactive chain
放射性衰变链
radioactive uranium chain
铀族放射系
ratchet chain
棘轮链系
rear drive chain
后传动链
recording chain
录音[象]通路
recurrent chain
递归链
reducible chain
可约链
regular chain
正则链
regular pitch roller chain
标准节距套筒滚子链
reporting chain
通报系统
reproducing chain
重放通路
resistor chain
电阻排
respiratory chain
呼吸链
rhomboid chain
(偏)菱形链
right-hand track chain
右履带
rigid chain
刚性链
ring counter chain
环形计数器链
rocker joint chain
摇轴链
rod-link chain
(升运器)杆式链
roller chain
滚子链
rudder (pendant) chain
转舵链; 短链
safety pin chain
安全销吊链
saprophyte chain
【生态】腐生链
scalar chain
阶链
seamount chain
【地质】海山链
selecting chain
(纵横制交换机中的)互斥电路
sheet-roller chain
金属板链环滚子链
short link chain
短环节链
short-stopped chain
速止链式反应; 断链
side chain
侧链; (聚合物中)支链
signal chain
信号链, 信号通路
silent chain
无声链
single-camera chain
单机摄影电路
single-row chain
单列链
singular chain
奇异链
skid chain
防滑链
skip chain
跳转链
skip-linked chain
跳跃连接链
sleeved roller transmission chain
套筒滚子传动链
slider crank chain
滑块曲柄链系(机构)
sling lifting chains
吊链
slow-scan camera chain
慢扫描摄影电路
sorting chains
分级链床
speech chain
言语链
spoken chain
言语链
spherical chain
球面运动链
sprocket chain
链轮环链; 扣齿链
sprocket silentchain
(扁环节)无声链
squarechain
面积尺(等于404.7 平方米); 平方链(面积单位为0.1英亩)
square-link chain
方形节链, 钩头链
stanchion chain
立柱链
standard pitch roller chain
标准节距套筒滚子链
star chain
星形无线电信标链(由四个信标组成Y形, 主台在中心)
starting chain
起动链
statistical chain
统计链
stoker drive chain
锅炉添煤器
store chains
连锁商店
straight side long pitch steel chain
直边长节式钢链
striking weight chain
打点锤链
stud chain
柱环节链, 有挡平环链
studio camera chain
演播室摄象机通路
supporting chain
吊链
surveyor's steel chain
测量钢链
sway chain
限位链, 锁定链
swivel chain
斗链, 转动链
sympathetic chain
交感(神经)干
tail-gate chain
可折后栏板链(车厢)
television chain
电视联播网
tender intermediate safety chain
煤水车中间保险链
tension chain
拉链, 锚链
terminating Markov chain
可终止的马尔可夫链
throat chain
喉口集茎夹送链
tie chain
系紧链条
time-base counter chain
时基计数电路
timing chain
定时链
toggle chain
套环链; 肘节链
toothed chain
有齿链
top connecting chain
上连结链
topper chain
甜菜切顶输送链
total food chain
食物链总数
tow chain
拖链
transfer chain
传递链; 运输链
transmission chain
传动链
transport chain
运输连锁线
trash chain
杂草清除(输送)链, 排杂草链
trenching chain
挖沟切土链, 挖沟链
triple strand roller chain
三列套筒滚子链
trophic chain
营养链
truck safety chain
转向架安全链
trunk chain
主链
twin-roller chain
双列套筒滚子链
twist link type chain
扭节式胎链
type chain
打印机链带
tyre-lock chain
胎锁链(轮胎防滑)
unbalanced cutter chain
【采矿】不平衡截煤机链
unconstrained chain
不限定链系
uncoupling chain
联结器分离链, 钩销链, 车钩提杆链
upper chain
上链; (干燥室的)上棒链
valve chain
阀盖链
ventral nerve chain
腹神经链
vine chain
藤蔓清除(输送)链, 茎叶排送链
voluntary chain
自愿联合合同(批发商与零售商之间签订的协定)
water pump driving chain
水泵传动链
webbed chain
杆式升运链
wheel chain
齿轮链(系); 操舵链
winch chain and sprocket
绞车链及链轮
zigzag chain
曲折链
chain of bucket
斗链; 链斗传送器
chain of command (=span of control)
管理面, 控制面, 所属管理人员人数
chain of locks
梯级船闸
chain of pot
斗链
chain of relays
继电器群
chain of transformers
营养链, 食物链
chain of triangles
三角链
见series
chain
bindfastenrestrainshackle 27983希望对你有帮助！
请问Scalar chain,Esprit de corps,reengineering这三个单词是什么意思？
Scalar Chain 也称为Line of Authority, 是法约尔的等级制度原则
Esprit de corps 是法语，团队精神
Reengineering 是管理模式与业务流程上的重组
springcloud com.netflix.client.ClientException: null 解决方案
具体错误信息如下：
com.netflix.client.ClientException: null
at com.netflix.client.AbstractLoadBalancerAwareClient.executeWithLoadBalancer(AbstractLoadBalancerAwareClient.java:118)
at org.springframework.cloud.netflix.zuul.filters.route.support.AbstractRibbonCommand.run(AbstractRibbonCommand.java:186)
at org.springframework.cloud.netflix.zuul.filters.route.support.AbstractRibbonCommand.run(AbstractRibbonCommand.java:51)
at com.netflix.hystrix.HystrixCommand$2.call(HystrixCommand.java:302)
at com.netflix.hystrix.HystrixCommand$2.call(HystrixCommand.java:298)
at rx.internal.operators.OnSubscribeDefer.call(OnSubscribeDefer.java:46)
at rx.internal.operators.OnSubscribeDefer.call(OnSubscribeDefer.java:35)
at rx.internal.operators.OnSubscribeLift.call(OnSubscribeLift.java:48)
at rx.internal.operators.OnSubscribeLift.call(OnSubscribeLift.java:30)
at rx.internal.operators.OnSubscribeLift.call(OnSubscribeLift.java:48)
at rx.internal.operators.OnSubscribeLift.call(OnSubscribeLift.java:30)
at rx.internal.operators.OnSubscribeLift.call(OnSubscribeLift.java:48)
at rx.internal.operators.OnSubscribeLift.call(OnSubscribeLift.java:30)
at rx.Observable.unsafeSubscribe(Observable.java:10327)
at rx.internal.operators.OnSubscribeDefer.call(OnSubscribeDefer.java:51)
at rx.internal.operators.OnSubscribeDefer.call(OnSubscribeDefer.java:35)
at rx.internal.operators.OnSubscribeLift.call(OnSubscribeLift.java:48)
at rx.internal.operators.OnSubscribeLift.call(OnSubscribeLift.java:30)
at rx.Observable.unsafeSubscribe(Observable.java:10327)
at rx.internal.operators.OnSubscribeDoOnEach.call(OnSubscribeDoOnEach.java:41)
at rx.internal.operators.OnSubscribeDoOnEach.call(OnSubscribeDoOnEach.java:30)
at rx.Observable.unsafeSubscribe(Observable.java:10327)
at rx.internal.operators.OnSubscribeDoOnEach.call(OnSubscribeDoOnEach.java:41)
at rx.internal.operators.OnSubscribeDoOnEach.call(OnSubscribeDoOnEach.java:30)
at rx.internal.operators.OnSubscribeLift.call(OnSubscribeLift.java:48)
at rx.internal.operators.OnSubscribeLift.call(OnSubscribeLift.java:30)
at rx.Observable.unsafeSubscribe(Observable.java:10327)
at rx.internal.operators.OnSubscribeDoOnEach.call(OnSubscribeDoOnEach.java:41)
at rx.internal.operators.OnSubscribeDoOnEach.call(OnSubscribeDoOnEach.java:30)
at rx.Observable.unsafeSubscribe(Observable.java:10327)
at rx.internal.operators.OnSubscribeDoOnEach.call(OnSubscribeDoOnEach.java:41)
at rx.internal.operators.OnSubscribeDoOnEach.call(OnSubscribeDoOnEach.java:30)
at rx.Observable.unsafeSubscribe(Observable.java:10327)
at rx.internal.operators.OnSubscribeDoOnEach.call(OnSubscribeDoOnEach.java:41)
at rx.internal.operators.OnSubscribeDoOnEach.call(OnSubscribeDoOnEach.java:30)
at rx.internal.operators.OnSubscribeLift.call(OnSubscribeLift.java:48)
at rx.internal.operators.OnSubscribeLift.call(OnSubscribeLift.java:30)
at rx.Observable.unsafeSubscribe(Observable.java:10327)
at rx.internal.operators.OnSubscribeDefer.call(OnSubscribeDefer.java:51)
at rx.internal.operators.OnSubscribeDefer.call(OnSubscribeDefer.java:35)
at rx.Observable.unsafeSubscribe(Observable.java:10327)
at rx.internal.operators.OnSubscribeMap.call(OnSubscribeMap.java:48)
at rx.internal.operators.OnSubscribeMap.call(OnSubscribeMap.java:33)
at rx.Observable.unsafeSubscribe(Observable.java:10327)
at rx.internal.operators.OnSubscribeDoOnEach.call(OnSubscribeDoOnEach.java:41)
at rx.internal.operators.OnSubscribeDoOnEach.call(OnSubscribeDoOnEach.java:30)
at rx.internal.operators.OnSubscribeLift.call(OnSubscribeLift.java:48)
at rx.internal.operators.OnSubscribeLift.call(OnSubscribeLift.java:30)
at rx.Observable.unsafeSubscribe(Observable.java:10327)
at rx.internal.operators.OnSubscribeDoOnEach.call(OnSubscribeDoOnEach.java:41)
at rx.internal.operators.OnSubscribeDoOnEach.call(OnSubscribeDoOnEach.java:30)
at rx.Observable.unsafeSubscribe(Observable.java:10327)
at rx.internal.operators.OnSubscribeDefer.call(OnSubscribeDefer.java:51)
at rx.internal.operators.OnSubscribeDefer.call(OnSubscribeDefer.java:35)
at rx.internal.operators.OnSubscribeLift.call(OnSubscribeLift.java:48)
at rx.internal.operators.OnSubscribeLift.call(OnSubscribeLift.java:30)
at rx.Observable.subscribe(Observable.java:10423)
at rx.Observable.subscribe(Observable.java:10390)
at rx.internal.operators.BlockingOperatorToFuture.toFuture(BlockingOperatorToFuture.java:51)
at rx.observables.BlockingObservable.toFuture(BlockingObservable.java:410)
at com.netflix.hystrix.HystrixCommand.queue(HystrixCommand.java:378)
at com.netflix.hystrix.HystrixCommand.execute(HystrixCommand.java:344)
at org.springframework.cloud.netflix.zuul.filters.route.RibbonRoutingFilter.forward(RibbonRoutingFilter.java:159)
at org.springframework.cloud.netflix.zuul.filters.route.RibbonRoutingFilter.run(RibbonRoutingFilter.java:112)
at com.netflix.zuul.ZuulFilter.runFilter(ZuulFilter.java:117)
at com.netflix.zuul.FilterProcessor.processZuulFilter(FilterProcessor.java:193)
at com.netflix.zuul.FilterProcessor.runFilters(FilterProcessor.java:157)
at com.netflix.zuul.FilterProcessor.route(FilterProcessor.java:118)
at com.netflix.zuul.ZuulRunner.route(ZuulRunner.java:96)
at com.netflix.zuul.http.ZuulServlet.route(ZuulServlet.java:116)
at com.netflix.zuul.http.ZuulServlet.service(ZuulServlet.java:81)
at org.springframework.web.servlet.mvc.ServletWrappingController.handleRequestInternal(ServletWrappingController.java:165)
at org.springframework.cloud.netflix.zuul.web.ZuulController.handleRequest(ZuulController.java:44)
at org.springframework.web.servlet.mvc.SimpleControllerHandlerAdapter.handle(SimpleControllerHandlerAdapter.java:52)
at org.springframework.web.servlet.DispatcherServlet.doDispatch(DispatcherServlet.java:991)
at org.springframework.web.servlet.DispatcherServlet.doService(DispatcherServlet.java:925)
at org.springframework.web.servlet.FrameworkServlet.processRequest(FrameworkServlet.java:974)
at org.springframework.web.servlet.FrameworkServlet.doPost(FrameworkServlet.java:877)
at javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet.service(HttpServlet.java:707)
at org.springframework.web.servlet.FrameworkServlet.service(FrameworkServlet.java:851)
at javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet.service(HttpServlet.java:790)
at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.internalDoFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:231)
at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.doFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:166)
at org.apache.tomcat.websocket.server.WsFilter.doFilter(WsFilter.java:52)
at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.internalDoFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:193)
at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.doFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:166)
at org.springframework.web.filter.CorsFilter.doFilterInternal(CorsFilter.java:96)
at org.springframework.web.filter.OncePerRequestFilter.doFilter(OncePerRequestFilter.java:107)
at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.internalDoFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:193)
at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.doFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:166)
at org.springframework.boot.actuate.metrics.web.servlet.WebMvcMetricsFilter.filterAndRecordMetrics(WebMvcMetricsFilter.java:158)
at org.springframework.boot.actuate.metrics.web.servlet.WebMvcMetricsFilter.filterAndRecordMetrics(WebMvcMetricsFilter.java:126)
at org.springframework.boot.actuate.metrics.web.servlet.WebMvcMetricsFilter.doFilterInternal(WebMvcMetricsFilter.java:111)
at org.springframework.web.filter.OncePerRequestFilter.doFilter(OncePerRequestFilter.java:107)
at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.internalDoFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:193)
at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.doFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:166)
at org.springframework.boot.actuate.web.trace.servlet.HttpTraceFilter.doFilterInternal(HttpTraceFilter.java:90)
at org.springframework.web.filter.OncePerRequestFilter.doFilter(OncePerRequestFilter.java:107)
at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.internalDoFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:193)
at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.doFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:166)
at org.springframework.web.filter.CharacterEncodingFilter.doFilterInternal(CharacterEncodingFilter.java:200)
at org.springframework.web.filter.OncePerRequestFilter.doFilter(OncePerRequestFilter.java:107)
at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.internalDoFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:193)
at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.doFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:166)
at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardWrapperValve.invoke(StandardWrapperValve.java:198)
at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardContextValve.invoke(StandardContextValve.java:96)
at org.apache.catalina.authenticator.AuthenticatorBase.invoke(AuthenticatorBase.java:496)
at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardHostValve.invoke(StandardHostValve.java:140)
at org.apache.catalina.valves.ErrorReportValve.invoke(ErrorReportValve.java:81)
at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardEngineValve.invoke(StandardEngineValve.java:87)
at org.apache.catalina.connector.CoyoteAdapter.service(CoyoteAdapter.java:342)
at org.apache.coyote.http11.Http11Processor.service(Http11Processor.java:803)
at org.apache.coyote.AbstractProcessorLight.process(AbstractProcessorLight.java:66)
at org.apache.coyote.AbstractProtocol$ConnectionHandler.process(AbstractProtocol.java:790)
at org.apache.tomcat.util.net.NioEndpoint$SocketProcessor.doRun(NioEndpoint.java:1468)
at org.apache.tomcat.util.net.SocketProcessorBase.run(SocketProcessorBase.java:49)
at java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor.runWorker(ThreadPoolExecutor.java:1142)
at java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor$Worker.run(ThreadPoolExecutor.java:617)
at org.apache.tomcat.util.threads.TaskThread$WrappingRunnable.run(TaskThread.java:61)
at java.lang.Thread.run(Thread.java:745)
Caused by: java.lang.RuntimeException: org.apache.http.client.ClientProtocolException
at rx.exceptions.Exceptions.propagate(Exceptions.java:57)
at rx.observables.BlockingObservable.blockForSingle(BlockingObservable.java:463)
at rx.observables.BlockingObservable.single(BlockingObservable.java:340)
at com.netflix.client.AbstractLoadBalancerAwareClient.executeWithLoadBalancer(AbstractLoadBalancerAwareClient.java:112)
... 119 common frames omitted
Caused by: org.apache.http.client.ClientProtocolException: null
at org.apache.http.impl.client.InternalHttpClient.doExecute(InternalHttpClient.java:186)
at org.apache.http.impl.client.CloseableHttpClient.execute(CloseableHttpClient.java:82)
at org.apache.http.impl.client.CloseableHttpClient.execute(CloseableHttpClient.java:107)
at org.springframework.cloud.netflix.ribbon.apache.RibbonLoadBalancingHttpClient.execute(RibbonLoadBalancingHttpClient.java:81)
at org.springframework.cloud.netflix.ribbon.apache.RibbonLoadBalancingHttpClient.execute(RibbonLoadBalancingHttpClient.java:44)
at com.netflix.client.AbstractLoadBalancerAwareClient$1.call(AbstractLoadBalancerAwareClient.java:104)
at com.netflix.loadbalancer.reactive.LoadBalancerCommand$3$1.call(LoadBalancerCommand.java:303)
at com.netflix.loadbalancer.reactive.LoadBalancerCommand$3$1.call(LoadBalancerCommand.java:287)
at rx.internal.util.ScalarSynchronousObservable$3.call(ScalarSynchronousObservable.java:231)
at rx.internal.util.ScalarSynchronousObservable$3.call(ScalarSynchronousObservable.java:228)
at rx.Observable.unsafeSubscribe(Observable.java:10327)
at rx.internal.operators.OnSubscribeConcatMap$ConcatMapSubscriber.drain(OnSubscribeConcatMap.java:286)
at rx.internal.operators.OnSubscribeConcatMap$ConcatMapSubscriber.onNext(OnSubscribeConcatMap.java:144)
at com.netflix.loadbalancer.reactive.LoadBalancerCommand$1.call(LoadBalancerCommand.java:185)
at com.netflix.loadbalancer.reactive.LoadBalancerCommand$1.call(LoadBalancerCommand.java:180)
at rx.Observable.unsafeSubscribe(Observable.java:10327)
at rx.internal.operators.OnSubscribeConcatMap.call(OnSubscribeConcatMap.java:94)
at rx.internal.operators.OnSubscribeConcatMap.call(OnSubscribeConcatMap.java:42)
at rx.Observable.unsafeSubscribe(Observable.java:10327)
at rx.internal.operators.OperatorRetryWithPredicate$SourceSubscriber$1.call(OperatorRetryWithPredicate.java:127)
at rx.internal.schedulers.TrampolineScheduler$InnerCurrentThreadScheduler.enqueue(TrampolineScheduler.java:73)
at rx.internal.schedulers.TrampolineScheduler$InnerCurrentThreadScheduler.schedule(TrampolineScheduler.java:52)
at rx.internal.operators.OperatorRetryWithPredicate$SourceSubscriber.onNext(OperatorRetryWithPredicate.java:79)
at rx.internal.operators.OperatorRetryWithPredicate$SourceSubscriber.onNext(OperatorRetryWithPredicate.java:45)
at rx.internal.util.ScalarSynchronousObservable$WeakSingleProducer.request(ScalarSynchronousObservable.java:276)
at rx.Subscriber.setProducer(Subscriber.java:209)
at rx.internal.util.ScalarSynchronousObservable$JustOnSubscribe.call(ScalarSynchronousObservable.java:138)
at rx.internal.util.ScalarSynchronousObservable$JustOnSubscribe.call(ScalarSynchronousObservable.java:129)
at rx.internal.operators.OnSubscribeLift.call(OnSubscribeLift.java:48)
at rx.internal.operators.OnSubscribeLift.call(OnSubscribeLift.java:30)
at rx.internal.operators.OnSubscribeLift.call(OnSubscribeLift.java:48)
at rx.internal.operators.OnSubscribeLift.call(OnSubscribeLift.java:30)
at rx.internal.operators.OnSubscribeLift.call(OnSubscribeLift.java:48)
at rx.internal.operators.OnSubscribeLift.call(OnSubscribeLift.java:30)
at rx.Observable.subscribe(Observable.java:10423)
at rx.Observable.subscribe(Observable.java:10390)
at rx.observables.BlockingObservable.blockForSingle(BlockingObservable.java:443)
... 121 common frames omitted
Caused by: org.apache.http.client.NonRepeatableRequestException: Cannot retry request with a non-repeatable request entity
at org.apache.http.impl.execchain.RetryExec.execute(RetryExec.java:107)
at org.apache.http.impl.execchain.RedirectExec.execute(RedirectExec.java:110)
at org.apache.http.impl.client.InternalHttpClient.doExecute(InternalHttpClient.java:184)
... 157 common frames omitted
Caused by: java.net.SocketException: Software caused connection abort: socket write error
at java.net.SocketOutputStream.socketWrite0(Native Method)
at java.net.SocketOutputStream.socketWrite(SocketOutputStream.java:109)
at java.net.SocketOutputStream.write(SocketOutputStream.java:153)
at org.apache.http.impl.io.SessionOutputBufferImpl.streamWrite(SessionOutputBufferImpl.java:124)
at org.apache.http.impl.io.SessionOutputBufferImpl.flushBuffer(SessionOutputBufferImpl.java:136)
at org.apache.http.impl.io.SessionOutputBufferImpl.flush(SessionOutputBufferImpl.java:144)
at org.apache.http.impl.io.ContentLengthOutputStream.close(ContentLengthOutputStream.java:93)
at org.apache.http.impl.DefaultBHttpClientConnection.sendRequestEntity(DefaultBHttpClientConnection.java:157)
at org.apache.http.impl.conn.CPoolProxy.sendRequestEntity(CPoolProxy.java:162)
at org.apache.http.protocol.HttpRequestExecutor.doSendRequest(HttpRequestExecutor.java:238)
at org.apache.http.protocol.HttpRequestExecutor.execute(HttpRequestExecutor.java:123)
at org.apache.http.impl.execchain.MainClientExec.execute(MainClientExec.java:271)
at org.apache.http.impl.execchain.ProtocolExec.execute(ProtocolExec.java:184)
at org.apache.http.impl.execchain.RetryExec.execute(RetryExec.java:88)
... 159 common frames omitted
直线职权的名词解释
直线职权是一个重要的概念，它有两个方面的定义。一是直线职权是一种给予上级指导其下属人员工作权力的命令关系，二是直线职权主要集中在组织职能的类型上。直线职权是直线人员所拥有的包括发布命令及执决策等的权力，也就是通常所指的指挥权。直线主管（linemanager）指能导、监督、指挥、管理下属的人员。显然，每一管理层的主管人员都应具有这种职权，只不过每一管理层次的功能不同，其职权的大小及范围各有不同而已。
1基本概念
编辑
直线职权是直线人员所拥有的包括发布命令及执决策等的权力，也就是通常所指的指挥权。直线主管（linemanager）指能导、监督、指挥、管理下属的人员。很显然，每一管理层的主管人员都应有这种职权，只不过每一管理层次的功能不同，其职权的大小及范围各有同而已，例如厂长对车间主任拥有直线职权，车间主任对班组长拥有直线权。这样，从组织的上层到下层的主管人员之间，便形成一个权力线；这权力线被称为指挥链（Chain of command）或指挥系统（line of com-mand）。
2两大原则
编辑
在这条权力线中，职权的指向由上而下。由于在指挥链中存在着不同管理次的直线职权，故指挥链又叫层次链（scalarchain）。它颇像一座金字塔，通过指挥链的信息传递，由上而下，或由下而上地进行，所以，指挥链既权力线，又是信息通道。在这个指挥链中，职权关系有两条必须遵循的原则。
分级原则
（一）分级原则。每一层次的直线职权应分明，这样才有利于执行决职责和信息沟通。一位厂长在总结经验时曾说过这样一段话：“在我的厂，
厂长的职权不容侵犯，令行禁止，不能违抗；厂长的责任也一丝一毫不容卸。副手的权力，我也从不侵犯，该车间主任、科长管的事，我决不预，我不是一个人说了算，而是在各自职权范围内，人人说了算。这样，产才能有秩序地进行。如果大事小事都来找厂长，那就说明下属干部不负任，厂长用人不当。”这是符合分级原则的。超越层次，越俎代庖，下级员失去积极性、主动性，这是违背分级原则的。
职权等级原则
（二）职权等级原则。作为下级来讲，应该“用足”自己的职权，在己职权范围内作出决策，只有当问题的解决超越自身职权界限时，才可提给上级。相反，惧怕担当风险的主管人员，或才能平庸的主管人员，常常把一切问题上交，仅仅起“交换台”的作用。这样，一方面造成上级忙于付具体事务；另一方面，自己则失去指挥功能，徒占其位。