title焦虑,担心焦虑而焦虑

“春躁”来袭春天防哪些心理病呢？

春天是精神心理科医生最忙累的季节之一。临床上，抑郁症、躁狂症、双相障碍、精神分裂症等在春季都相对高发。万物复苏，草长莺飞。伴随着春天的到来，这类疾病也拉响了“警报”。

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躁狂症：天气转暖躁狂活跃

“抑郁和躁狂年后在广州多见，与气候因素有关。”吴小立指出，躁狂、轻躁狂最多见的季节是春末夏初，尤其是天气转暖的时候，其次是春季，乍暖还寒季节。

凡是有轻躁狂或躁狂发作的病人，都被归入“双相障碍”。躁狂的早期表现，可能在性格和行为的变化，过去内向、小气，近一段时间突然变得慷慨大方、灵活主动地与人交往，精力旺盛起来，情绪从平稳变得波动起伏，或者容易恼怒，动辄发火。睡眠则从每天六到八个小时缩短到三四个小时，次日却毫不疲倦，甚至性生活频率都在增加，表现为旺盛型人格。

从发病年龄来看，从发病年龄看，躁狂发作的高峰年龄往往在30岁左右。现在发现青少年中躁狂、轻躁狂或者有双相障碍的比较多。要警惕的是，在青少年抑郁患者中，隐藏着不少“双相障碍患者”，有些患者可能一开始表现为抑郁，但今后可能会出现躁狂的发作。尤其是十五六岁即患上抑郁症的人，越早发病，意味着属于双相障碍的可能性更高。

相对于男性，躁狂在女性中更为高发。吴小立分析，患者往往有这样的特点：比较神经质，容易出动，有强迫倾向、易冲动的人，在单亲家庭成长的青少年，尤其是伴有不良生活方式或者物质滥用，例如酒精、K粉、止咳露上瘾等不良嗜好。

和躁狂症相比，轻躁狂的人更具有迷惑性。

轻躁狂的人通常具有以下特点：幽默，跟人相处不错，充满正能量工作生活效率很高。吴小立指出，轻躁狂有时危害性更大，因为更具有隐蔽性，患者不自知，不重视，一旦发作起来，可能会引发意外的严重危害。

身边有自带“超级能量棒”的朋友，该怎么办？

你的生活中是否这样的朋友？他们仿佛自带“超级能量棒”，有着使不完的精力，一旦闲下来就会闹出“幺蛾子”。

吴小立建议，如果身边有这种疑似躁狂、轻躁狂的朋友，家长、老师、领导应引导、帮助他们保持正性生活方式，也就是把个人的能量用于有益于他人和社会的事务。

例如，不妨给他们布置更多的工作量，让他们把能量释放在合适的地方去，例如学业、工作、运动等让他们愉悦的事情上。

如果家族中有明显的抑郁/焦虑、躁狂以及双相障碍患者，那么应该早做准备，更加重视心理健康状态，寻求友谊，建立更多的社会支持关系。

吴小立强调，有躁狂特质或倾向的人，更需要劳逸结合、规律作息和运动，不要触碰酒精、咖啡、茶等兴奋性饮料。

抑郁症：阳光“吝啬”抑郁高发

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抑郁症的发病规律与季节变换相符合，春季抑郁病人更容易出现病情波动。吴小立指出，广州春节后的天气，乍寒乍暖，从三月初开始，抑郁症患者也逐渐增多。

春天抑郁症的就诊高峰从春节持续到五一，清明节是一个高峰。春季的阴雨天气可诱发抑郁症。心理学上有一种叫“季节性情感障碍”，最为大家所熟知的“冬季抑郁”，在冬春相交时好发，受阳光减少的影响，大脑松果体释放的褪黑素减少，导致抑郁症病情发作或加重。

生活处方：多晒太阳多运动可缓解病情

如果发现身边人有失眠、情绪低落、沮丧自责、对自我评价很低、精力减退、浑身无力、厌学、学习成绩或工作业绩大幅滑落等表现，家人应予以重视，尽快陪伴其就医。特别是父母曾患过双相障碍的家庭，当子女出现情绪不稳、焦虑、抑郁等症状，即属于“超高危人群”，家人需密切注意其表现。

抑郁症重在预防，尤其是对于青少年人群。任何时刻，家长都要关心孩子的情绪变化，青春期的孩子尤其需要平心静气地倾谈、善意的理解和接纳。

但是，抑郁症的治疗不能只靠“倾偈”（谈心）。做心理咨询2周病情仍无改善的轻度患者、中重度抑郁症尤其是有自杀念头的患者，必须及时寻求有处方权的心理医生的帮助，采用规范的药物治疗或经颅磁刺激治疗（rTMS）。重症患者还需要加上国际公认的“无抽搐电休克治疗（MECT）”。

在规范治疗的同时，抑郁症患者也要遵循“生活处方”的要求，春季多晒太阳多踏青，适当运动，有助于病情的缓解。对于青春期抑郁的人来说，他们更需要减轻学业压力，降低目标，更需要亲友的支持。亲友应多陪伴，别让他们独处

TED演讲有感-这可能是你抑郁或焦虑的原因

我个人非常喜欢的一个Talk。

一些我觉得讲的重点或者是有感的点加了标粗斜杠或者单独引用了出来。

建议一边听着音频一边看着以下原稿读。

演讲链接：

The Speaker：Johann Hari · Journalist （Johann Hari is the author of two "New York Times" best-selling books.）

The Talk Title：This could be why you are depressed or anxious

When I was a teenager, I remember going to my doctor and explaining that I had this feeling, like pain was leaking out of me. I couldn't control it, I didn't understand why it was happening, I felt quite ashamed of it.

My doctor said, "We know why people get like this. Some people just naturally get a chemical imbalance in their heads -- you're clearly one of them. All we need to do is give you some drugs, it will get your chemical balance back to normal ."

So I started taking a drug called Paxil or Seroxat, it's the same thing with different names in different countries. And I felt much better, I got a real boost. But not very long afterwards, this feeling of pain started to come back. So I was given higher and higher doses until, for 13 years, I was taking the maximum possible dose that you're legally allowed to take . And for a lot of those 13 years, and pretty much all the time by the end, I was still in a lot of pain. And I started asking myself, "What's going on here? Because you're doing everything you're told to do by the story that's dominating the culture -- why do you still feel like this?"?

But I think at the heart of what I learned is, so far, we have scientific evidence for nine different causes of depression and anxiety. Two of them are indeed in our biology. Your genes can make you more sensitive to these problems, though they don't write your destiny. And there are real brain changes that can happen when you become depressed that can make it harder to get out. But most of the factors that have been proven to cause depression and anxiety are not in our biology. They are factors in the way we live. And once you understand them, it opens up a very different set of solutions that should be offered to people alongside the option of chemical antidepressants.

For example, if you're lonely, you're more likely to become depressed. If, when you go to work, you don't have any control over your job, you've just got to do what you're told, you're more likely to become depressed. If you very rarely get out into the natural world, you're more likely to become depressed.

And one thing unites a lot of the causes of depression and anxiety that I learned about. Not all of them, but a lot of them. Everyone here knows you've all got natural physical needs, right? Obviously. You need food, you need water, you need shelter, you need clean air. If I took those things away from you, you'd all be in real trouble, real fast. But at the same time, every human being has natural psychological needs . You need to feel you belong. You need to feel your life has meaning and purpose. You need to feel that people see you and value you. You need to feel you've got a future that makes sense. ?

And this culture we built is good at lots of things. And many things are better than in the past -- I'm glad to be alive today. But we've been getting less and less good at meeting these deep, underlying psychological needs. And it's not the only thing that's going on, but I think it's the key reason why this crisis keeps rising and rising. And I found this really hard to absorb.?

And it only really began to fall into place for me when one day, I went to interview a South African psychiatrist named Dr. Derek Summerfield. He's a great guy. And Dr. Summerfield happened to be in Cambodia in 2001, when they first introduced chemical antidepressants for people in that country. And the local doctors, the Cambodians, had never heard of these drugs, so they were like, what are they? And he explained. And they said to him, " We don't need them, we've already got antidepressants. " And he was like, "What do you mean?" He thought they were going to talk about some kind of herbal remedy, like St. John's Wort, ginkgo biloba, something like that. Instead, they told him a story.

If you'd been raised to think about depression the way I was, and most of the people here were, that sounds like a bad joke, right? "I went to my doctor for an antidepressant, she gave me a cow." But what those Cambodian doctors knew intuitively, based on this individual, unscientific anecdote, is what the leading medical body in the world, the World Health Organization, has been trying to tell us for years, based on the best scientific evidence.

If you're depressed, if you're anxious, you're not weak, you're not crazy, you're not, in the main, a machine with broken parts. You're a human being with unmet needs. And it's just as important to think here about what those Cambodian doctors and the World Health Organization are not saying. They did not say to this farmer, "Hey, buddy, you need to pull yourself together. It's your job to figure out and fix this problem on your own." On the contrary, what they said is, " We're here as a group to pull together with you, so together, we can figure out and fix this problem. " This is what every depressed person needs, and it's what every depressed person deserves.

This is why one of the leading doctors at the United Nations, in their official statement for World Health Day, couple of years back in 2017, said we need to talk less about chemical imbalances and more about the imbalances in the way we live . Drugs give real relief to some people -- they gave relief to me for a while -- but precisely because this problem goes deeper than their biology, the solutions need to go much deeper, too.

But when I first learned that, I remember thinking, "OK, I could see all the scientific evidence, I read a huge number of studies, I interviewed a huge number of the experts who were explaining this," but I kept thinking, "How can we possibly do that?" The things that are making us depressed are in most cases more complex than what was going on with this Cambodian farmer. Where do we even begin with that insight?

But then, in the long journey for my book, all over the world, I kept meeting people who were doing exactly that, from Sydney, to San Francisco, to S?o Paulo. I kept meeting people who were understanding the deeper causes of depression and anxiety and, as groups, fixing them. Obviously, I can't tell you about all the amazing people I got to know and wrote about, or all of the nine causes of depression and anxiety that I learned about, because they won't let me give a 10-hour TED Talk -- you can complain about that to them.

But I want to focus on two of the causes and two of the solutions that emerge from them, if that's alright. Here's the first. We are the loneliest society in human history. There was a recent study that asked Americans, "Do you feel like you're no longer close to anyone?" And 39 percent of people said that described them. "No longer close to anyone." In the international measurements of loneliness, Britain and the rest of Europe are just behind the US, in case anyone here is feeling smug.

I spent a lot of time discussing this with the leading expert in the world on loneliness, an incredible man named professor John Cacioppo, who was at Chicago, and I thought a lot about one question his work poses to us. Professor Cacioppo asked, " Why do we exist? Why are we here, why are we alive? " One key reason is that our ancestors on the savannas of Africa were really good at one thing. They weren't bigger than the animals they took down a lot of the time, they weren't faster than the animals they took down a lot of the time, but they were much better at banding together into groups and cooperating. This was our superpower as a species -- we band together, just like bees evolved to live in a hive, humans evolved to live in a tribe . And we are the first humans ever to disband our tribes. And it is making us feel awful. But it doesn't have to be this way.

One of the heroes in my book, and in fact, in my life, is a doctor named Sam Everington. He's a general practitioner in a poor part of East London, where I lived for many years. And Sam was really uncomfortable, because he had loads of patients coming to him with terrible depression and anxiety. And like me, he's not opposed to chemical antidepressants, he thinks they give some relief to some people. But he could see two things. Firstly, his patients were depressed and anxious a lot of the time for totally understandable reasons, like loneliness. And secondly, although the drugs were giving some relief to some people, for many people, they didn't solve the problem. The underlying problem. One day, Sam decided to pioneer a different approach. A woman came to his center, his medical center, called Lisa Cunningham. I got to know Lisa later. And Lisa had been shut away in her home with crippling depression and anxiety for seven years. And when she came to Sam's center, she was told, "Don't worry, we'll carry on giving you these drugs, but we're also going to prescribe something else. We're going to prescribe for you to come here to this center twice a week to meet with a group of other depressed and anxious people, not to talk about how miserable you are, but to figure out something meaningful you can all do together so you won't be lonely and you won't feel like life is pointless ."

This approach is called social prescribing , it's spreading all over Europe. And there's a small, but growing body of evidence suggesting it can produce real and meaningful falls in depression and anxiety.

And one day, I remember standing in the garden that Lisa and her once-depressed friends had built -- it's a really beautiful garden -- and having this thought, it's very much inspired by a guy called professor Hugh Mackay in Australia. I was thinking, so often when people feel down in this culture, what we say to them -- I'm sure everyone here said it, I have -- we say, " You just need to be you, be yourself. " And I've realized, actually, what we should say to people is, " Don't be you. Don't be yourself. Be us, be we. Be part of a group. "

The solution to these problems does not lie in drawing more and more on your resources as an isolated individual -- that's partly what got us in this crisis. It lies on reconnecting with something bigger than you.

And that really connects to one of the other causes of depression and anxiety that I wanted to talk to you about. So everyone knows junk food has taken over our diets and made us physically sick. I don't say that with any sense of superiority, I literally came to give this talk from McDonald's. I saw all of you eating that healthy TED breakfast, I was like no way. But just like junk food has taken over our diets and made us physically sick, a kind of junk values have taken over our minds and made us mentally sick . For thousands of years, philosophers have said,?

That's not an exact quote from Schopenhauer, but that is the gist of what he said.

But weirdly, hardy anyone had scientifically investigated this, until a truly extraordinary person I got to know, named professor Tim Kasser, who's at Knox College in Illinois, and he's been researching this for about 30 years now. And his research suggests several really important things.?

And as I thought about this, I realized it's like we've all been fed since birth, a kind of KFC for the soul. We've been trained to look for happiness in all the wrong places, and just like junk food doesn't meet your nutritional needs and actually makes you feel terrible, junk values don't meet your psychological needs, and they take you away from a good life .?

But when I first spent time with professor Kasser and I was learning all this, I felt a really weird mixture of emotions. Because on the one hand, I found this really challenging. I could see how often in my own life, when I felt down, I tried to remedy it with some kind of show-offy, grand external solution. And I could see why that did not work well for me. I also thought, isn't this kind of obvious? Isn't this almost like banal, right? If I said to everyone here, none of you are going to lie on your deathbed and think about all the shoes you bought and all the retweets you got, you're going to think about moments of love, meaning and connection in your life. I think that seems almost like a cliché. But I kept talking to professor Kasser and saying, "Why am I feeling this strange doubleness?"?

And he said, "At some level, we all know these things. But in this culture, we don't live by them." We know them so well they've become clichés, but we don't live by them. I kept asking why, why would we know something so profound, but not live by it ? And after a while, professor Kasser said to me, "Because we live in a machine that is designed to get us to neglect what is important about life." I had to really think about that.?

And professor Kasser wanted to figure out if we can disrupt that machine. He's done loads of research into this; I'll tell you about one example, and I really urge everyone here to try this with their friends and family. With a guy called Nathan Dungan, he got a group of teenagers and adults to come together for a series of sessions over a period of time, to meet up. And part of the point of the group was to get people to think about a moment in their life they had actually found meaning and purpose. For different people, it was different things. For some people, it was playing music, writing, helping someone -- I'm sure everyone here can picture something, right? And part of the point of the group was to get people to ask, "OK, how could you dedicate more of your life to pursuing these moments of meaning and purpose, and less to, I don't know, buying crap you don't need, putting it on social media and trying to get people to go, 'OMG, so jealous!'"

And what they found was, just having these meetings, it was like a kind of Alcoholics Anonymous for consumerism, right? Getting people to have these meetings, articulate these values, determine to act on them and check in with each other, led to a marked shift in people's values. It took them away from this hurricane of depression-generating messages training us to seek happiness in the wrong places, and towards more meaningful and nourishing values that lift us out of depression.

But with all the solutions that I saw and have written about, and many I can't talk about here, I kept thinking, you know: Why did it take me so long to see these insights? Because when you explain them to people -- some of them are more complicated, but not all -- when you explain this to people, it's not like rocket science, right? At some level, we already know these things. Why do we find it so hard to understand? I think there's many reasons. But I think one reason is that we have to change our understanding of what depression and anxiety actually are. There are very real biological contributions to depression and anxiety. But if we allow the biology to become the whole picture, as I did for so long, as I would argue our culture has done pretty much most of my life, what we're implicitly saying to people is, and this isn't anyone's intention, but what we're implicitly saying to people is,?

We feel this way for reasons, and they can be hard to see in the throes of depression -- I understand that really well from personal experience. But with the right help, we can understand these problems and we can fix these problems together. But to do that, the very first step is we have to stop insulting these signals by saying they're a sign of weakness, or madness or purely biological, except for a tiny number of people. ?

以其他角度看到焦虑症和抑郁症，看了几次每次看完感想都颇多，但是感觉都不及原视频讲的好。

全文我最喜欢的几句话：

"Don't be you. Don't be yourself. Be us, be we. Be part of a group."

Because we live in a machine that is designed to get us to neglect what is important about life."?

I was only able to start changing my life when I realized your depression is not a malfunction. It's a signal. Your depression is a signal. It's telling you something.?

积极心理防御机制有哪几种

积极的心理防御机制包括补偿、抵消和幽默。补偿是遇到挫折后，通过别的事物把因挫折带来的损失从内心体验到行为给予补偿过来。抵消是当欲望与现实发生矛盾的时候，以另外一种象征性的事物来缓解矛盾。幽默也就是自嘲，幽默很容易缩短与周围人的距离，而且能够帮助自己有效地寻求社会支持。

自我受到超我、本我和外部世界三方面的胁迫，如果它难以承受其压力，则会产生焦虑反应。然而焦虑的产生，促使自我发展了一种机能，即用一定方式调解冲突，缓和三种危险对自身的威胁。

既要使现实能够允许，又要使超我能够接受，也要使本我有满足感，这样一种机能就是心理防御机制。

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扩展资料

否定，一种比较原始而简单的防卫机制，其方法是借着扭曲个体在创伤情境下的想法、情感及感觉来逃避心理上的痛苦，或将不愉快的事件“否定”，当作它根本没有发生，来获取心理上暂时的安慰。“否定”与“压抑”极为相似。

唯“否定”不是有目地的忘却，而是把不愉快的事情加以“否定”。

这种现象在日常生活中处处可见，譬如，小孩子闯了祸，用双手把眼睛蒙起来，就像沙漠中的驼鸟，敌人迫赶逼迫在眼前，无法面对，把头埋于沙堆中，当做没这回事一样，都是一种否定的表现。

又如春娇与男友志明交往了三年，在订婚的前夕，忽然志明变心了，母亲知道春娇十分爱志明，担心她想不开，就好言安慰她，焉知春娇说：“其实不结，也好，我一向也在担心结婚后怎能家庭与事业兼顾??。”春娇用“否定”的防卫方法来逃避现实的痛苦。

许多人面对绝症，或亲人的死亡，就常会本能地说“这不是真的”，用“否定”来逃避巨大的伤痛。其他如“眼不见为净”、“掩耳盗铃”，都是否定作用的表现。

参考资料来源：/baike.baidu.com/item/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E9%98%B2%E5%BE%A1%E6%9C%BA%E5%88%B6/9074452?fr=aladdin#7"target="_blank"title="百度百科-心理防御机制"百度百科-心理防御机制