marginalizing,marginalizing fathers
关于清教徒的英文介绍
PURITANS
The Puritans were a group of people who grew discontent in the Church of England and worked towards religious, moral and societal reforms. The writings and ideas of John Calvin, a leader in the Reformation, gave rise to Protestantism and were pivotal to the Christian revolt. They contended that The Church of England had become a product of political struggles and man-made doctrines. The Puritans were one branch of dissenters who decided that the Church of England was beyond reform. Escaping persecution from church leadership and the King, they came to America.
The Puritans believed that the Bible was God's true law, and that it provided a plan for living. The established church of the day described access to God as monastic and possible only within the confines of "church authority". Puritans stripped away the traditional trappings and formalities of Christianity which had been slowly building throughout the previous 1500 years. Theirs was an attempt to "purify" the church and their own lives.
What many of us remember about the Puritans is reflective of the modern definition of the term and not of the historical account. Point one, they were not a small group of people. In England many of their persuasion sat in Parliament. So great was the struggle that England's Civil War pitted the Puritans against the Crown Forces. Though the Puritans won the fight with Oliver Cromwell's leadership, their victory was short-lived; hence their displacement to America. Point two, the witchcraft trials did not appropriately define their methods of living for the 100+ years that they formed successful communities. What it did show was the danger that their self-imposed isolation had put them in.
Most of the Puritans settled in the New England area. As they immigrated and formed individual colonies, their numbers rose from 17,800 in 1640 to 106,000 in 1700. Religious exclusiveness was the foremost principle of their society. The spiritual beliefs that they held were strong. This strength held over to include community laws and customs. Since God was at the forefront of their minds, He was to motivate all of their actions. This premise worked both for them and against them.
The common unity strengthened the community. In a foreign land surrounded with the hardships of pioneer life, their spiritual bond made them sympathetic to each other's needs. Their overall survival techniques permeated the colonies and on the whole made them more successful in several areas beyond that of the colonies established to their south.
Each church congregation was to be individually responsible to God, as was each person. The New Testament was their model and their devotion so great that it permeated their entire society. People of opposing theological views were asked to leave the community or to be converted.
Their interpretation of scriptures was a harsh one. They emphasized a redemptive piety. In principle, they emphasized conversion and not repression. Conversion was a rejection of the "worldliness" of society and a strict adherence to Biblical principles. While repression was not encouraged in principle, it was evident in their actions. God could forgive anything, but man could forgive only by seeing a change in behavior. Actions spoke louder than words, so actions had to be constantly controlled.
The doctrine of predestination kept all Puritans constantly working to do good in this life to be chosen for the next eternal one. God had already chosen who would be in heaven or hell, and each believer had no way of knowing which group they were in. Those who were wealthy were obviously blessed by God and were in good standing with Him. The Protestant work ethic was the belief that hard work was an honor to God which would lead to a prosperous reward. Any deviations from the normal way of Puritan life met with strict disapproval and discipline. Since the church elders were also political leaders, any church infraction was also a social one. There was no margin for error.
The devil was behind every evil deed. Constant watch needed to be kept in order to stay away from his clutches. Words of hell fire and brimstone flowed from the mouths of eloquent ministers as they warned of the persuasiveness of the devil's power. The sermons of Jonathan Edwards, a Puritan minister, show that delivery of these sermons became an art form. They were elegant, well formed, exegetical renditions of scriptures... with a healthy dose of fear woven throughout the fabric of the literary construction. Grammar children were quizzed on the material at school and at home. This constant subjection of the probability of an unseen danger led to a scandal of epidemic proportions.
In 1688, four young girls accused a laundry woman of "bewitching" them. What could have been stopped progressed into a community tragedy. The young women enjoyed the attention this story afforded them, but no doubt were afraid that their lies would be found out. In an effort to further punctuate their story, they lapsed into prolonged convulsions. Those who were "possessed by the devil" were forced to make confessions of their evil liaisons in order to protect their families and properties from harm . Those who denounced witchcraft (thereby calling the witnesses liars) were then accused themselves. In the frenzy to follow, by 1690 two hundred persons were in jail, fifty in prison and twenty executed (along with 2 dogs). Cotton Mather, a leader of the group, quietly led the way in bringing this crisis to an end. The devotion they held in maintaining a religious society in isolation fueled the fire of the witchcraft scandal.
Great pains were taken to warn their members and especially their children of the dangers of the world. Religiously motivated, they were exceptional in their time for their interest in the education of their children. Reading of the Bible was necessary to living a pious life. The education of the next generation was important to further "purify" the church and perfect social living.
Three English diversions were banned in their New England colonies; drama, religious music and erotic poetry. The first and last of these led to immorality. Music in worship created a "dreamy" state which was not conducive in listening to God. Since the people were not spending their time idly indulged in trivialities, they were left with two godly diversions.
The Bible stimulated their corporate intellect by promoting discussions of literature. Greek classics of Cicero, Virgil, Terence and Ovid were taught, as well as poetry and Latin verse. They were encouraged to create their own poetry, always religious in content.
For the first time in history, free schooling was offered for all children. Puritans formed the first formal school in 1635, called the Roxbury Latin School. Four years later, the first American College was established; Harvard in Cambridge. Children aged 6-8 attended a "Dame school" where the teacher, who was usually a widow, taught reading. "Ciphering" (math) and writing were low on the academic agenda.
In 1638, the first printing press arrived. By 1700, Boston became the second largest publishing center of the English Empire. The Puritans were the first to write books for children, and to discuss the difficulties in communicating with them. At a time when other Americans were physically blazing trails through the forests, the Puritans efforts in areas of study were advancing our country intellectually.
Religion provided a stimulus and prelude for scientific thought. Of those Americans who were admitted into the scientific "Royal Society of London," the vast majority were New England Puritans.
The large number of people who ascribed to the lifestyle of the Puritans did much to firmly establish a presence on American soil. Bound together, they established a community that maintained a healthy economy, established a school system, and focused an efficient eye on political concerns. The moral character of England and America were shaped in part by the words and actions of this strong group of Christian believers called the Puritans.
求高手翻译一篇小文章 成英文。。。高分悬赏。急！！
Until today, have all been reminded about it, I am still guilty. In the first day of school, I sing your own song, is very cold, always alone. X has lunch at a time, slowly came around to me, smiled and said would you have dinner together. I also did not react, but then quietly agreed. When I feel a warm, as is the Sun. She met his friend with me, it was the first time in school I have a friend. Gradually, I began slowly, understanding the x, join us for lunch, she was always very carefully, to find my little details. My favorite dessert was raisin cookies, she found, resulting in every home would help me, and then to school.
Gradually, I began slowly, understanding the x, join us for lunch, she was always very carefully, to find my little details. My favorite dessert was raisin cookies, she found, resulting in every home would help me, and then to school. Was deliberately done for me, but she is her mothers love to eat, do more. I understand that it is specially prepared, he never expected to eat the variety. She always noticed me when I sad and unhappy, she will say that what has happened to you. Only he can see, different from mine. I asked him what he asked, he said, just because you have frown.X character is straightforward and has a friend buys a new dress, oddly enough, my friend asked him, she said it was not good. Art teachers can draw a character of their own art, she is half white, half of all black. Yes, she really is such a black and white people. I really like her, was talking with her come. But many students because of his outspoken, marginalizing him. Her father is disabled, students will be joke x, his father's physical problems, x head has a problem. They looked at me waiting for my reply, I nodded to them. Say that x is very hard to take care of his father, his father's humorous and interesting,X is very good. No one is going to care about this thing. I'd admired x and frankly the dutiful. But x is behind me, she heard my answer, put down the plate left. See her go back, breaks my heart. That group of friends of the noise in the brain slowly away, continuously replayed my error reply. My heart is like a drain, formed the ripples have also been rippling, I cannot stop wondering why I would like to think so, I'm so stupid. Every day without his good hard, every day at noon and sat alone in the dining room. No one cares me, understand me. I apologize to the bravest go x, say, in fact I do not think so,I have been different, I begged his forgiveness. Go to her for the first time appear to be reluctant. ... I went many times, every day I say I miss him cookies. I said I understand that real friends care about small details I felt was as decent as our warm, not because I reminded them, but because they truly care for me. I've learned that I should treasure good friends should be brave and should not simply go along with other people after a while, x also forgave me until now I can not forget injury heartache, and forgiven for joy.
大部分是整句翻译，有些地方修改了一下，段落分的不是很清楚，但希望对你有帮助。
marginalizing这个单词什么意思？查不到！
marginalize
vt.
使处于社会边缘,使脱离社会发展进程
忽视,排斥
这里应该是忽视,排斥的意思.marginalizing是现在分词形